1. Financial Accounting

This field deals with the accounting of an economic unit as a whole. Financial accounting deals with financial reporting for parties outside the company. This successful report is general-purpose. Its activities include recording financial activities which aim to be able to present financial reports. Financial statements include balance sheets, income statements, and statements of changes in capital or statements of retained earnings for a certain period of time. This financial report can be used by parties who need it as information for making rational and relevant decisions and policies.

2. Audit Accounting (Auditing)

In accounting auditing, auditing activities are carried out on the results of financial records and reports. Audit accounting is a field of accounting that deals with audits that are independently carried out on reports produced by financial accounting. So the field of accounting that deals with the examination of financial statements is called Audit Accounting. Also called the branch of accounting which deals with the independent examination of financial statements. Although the main objective of auditing is to make the accounting information presented reliably, there are other purposes. One of the other objectives of audit accounting is such as adherence to policies, procedures and assessing the efficiency and effectiveness of an activity. In this concept, what underlies the auditing is the objectivity and independence of the examiner as well as the confidentiality and collection of evidence which is quite relevant.

3. Cost Accounting

Cost accounting is a field of accounting that records and calculates and analyzes cost data in an industrial company in an effort to determine the amount of the cost of production of an item or product. For this reason, with this cost accounting, price reports will be obtained to prepare financial reports. This area emphasizes an assignment and control over costs. Cost accounting will lead to activity-based costing. With the main function of collecting and analyzing data about costs, both costs that have occurred and those that will occur. So from the various types of accounting that exist, this is one that is no less important.

4. Management Accounting

Management accounting is a field of accounting that aims to provide information to management in running its business. There are many things contained in cost accounting whose data are used by management accounting. So, although these two fields of accounting have different objectives, their implementation can be carried out simultaneously. Some of the uses of management accounting are to control company activities, monitor cash flow, and assess alternatives in making a decision. Control of companies through activity-based management is a new trend in management accounting.

5. Tax Accounting

Tax accounting is accounting whose activities are related to the determination of tax objects that are borne by the company and its calculations for the purposes of preparing tax reports. Tax accounting activities serve to assist management in determining transaction choices that will occur related to tax considerations. Therefore, accounting who work in this field must know well about the applicable tax laws.

6. Field of Budgeting Accounting (Budgeting)

Budgeting is a field of accounting that compiles a budget for both income and expenses. The budget is a guideline for companies, individuals, or the government in carrying out their financial activities in the future. This field deals with the preparation of financial plans related to the company’s activities for a certain period of time in the future as well as its analysis and supervision. A budget can also be said to be a suggestion to describe the company’s goals, a budget containing a plan of activities to be carried out, and the value for money in the future.

7. Governmental Accounting

Government accounting is a field of financial accounting that is applied in government institutions. Government accounting aims to present a financial report, control and supervise state finances. Government accounting is expected to manage state financial administration properly. This field specializes in the recording and reporting of transactions in government agencies.

8. Accounting System

The accounting system is a field of accounting that carries out activities by designing ways of keeping accounting records safe, effective, and efficient. Starting from organizing documents to compiling recording procedures.

9. Budgetary Accounting

Budget accounting is accounting whose activities are related to the collection and processing of data on financial operations that have already occurred, as well as an estimate of the possibilities that will occur for the purpose of determining the company’s financial operation plan (budget) in a certain period.

10. Banking Accounting

Given the notion of accounting as the process of recording, classifying, analyzing, and interpreting financial data. So in general, it can be seen that banking accounting is a bank accounting process that also includes recording, classifying, analyzing, and interpreting bank financial data which is carried out systematically in order to meet the needs of interested parties both internally and externally.

11. International Accounting

International accounting is a single standard of accounting reporting that puts pressure on professional revaluation with clear and transparent disclosures regarding the economic substance of transactions, explanations to reach certain conclusions. With regulatory accounting standards or rules that govern the preparation of financial statements. Meanwhile, the process of preparing or formulating accounting standards is called standard setting.

There are several reasons why accounting standards are needed, including:

• Many countries’ penalties for non-compliance with accounting requirements tend to be weak and ineffective.
• Companies may voluntarily report more information than they should.
• Some countries allow companies to ignore accounting standards if the company’s operations and financial position are well presented.

This accounting standard-setting generally involves a combination of private and public sector groups consisting of the accounting profession. The role and influence of these groups in setting accounting standards vary from country to country.

12. Accounting Education

Educational accounting is a specialized field of accounting leading to education. Namely in the activities of learning and teaching accounting or other aspects related to the problem of education itself. The policy in the form of education decentralization is believed to be able to increase the efficiency, relevance, equity and quality of education as well as fulfill the principles of justice and democratization.

The results of the study indicate that there are several aspects in educational accounting, namely:

• School budget.
• School infrastructure facilities.
• School management.
• Parents’ participation.
• Operation accountability.
• To achieve the goal of decentralization of education, the government needs to restructure the provision of education, especially with regard to the structure of educational institutions.

In line with that, the government needs to prepare a legal basis in the form of laws, government regulations, and ministerial decrees to implement decentralization of education so that it is in line with the spirit and spirit of regional autonomy.

13. Social Accounting

Social accounting is accounting that handles the process of communicating the social and environmental impacts of the economic actions of a business entity for the benefit of certain groups of people and the wider community.

The use of social accounting is for corporate social responsibility programs. This accounting is also known as responsibility accounting. An example of social accounting is the provision of scholarships to the community.

14. Public Sector Accounting

Public sector accounting is public fund accounting, which can then be interpreted as a technical mechanism and accounting analysis that is applied to the management of public funds in high state institutions and departments under them.

15. Behavioral Accounting

Behavioral accounting is a science of accounting combined with social science. In other words, behavioral accounting is a science that studies the effects of human behavior so that it can influence accounting data and business decision-making. Also on the contrary, how accounting can affect human behavior and business decision making.

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